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Related Concept Videos

Microbial Biosensors01:17

Microbial Biosensors

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Microbial biosensors are analytical devices that utilize living microbes to detect specific substances through measurable signals. These devices consist of two main components: biosensing organisms and signal-transducing elements. Biosensing organisms, such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are typically housed in multiwell plates connected to transducers, enabling rapid, real-time detection of target analytes.Signal Generation MechanismWhen a target analyte—such as...
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Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

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Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

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Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Methods to Assess Microbial Populations01:30

Methods to Assess Microbial Populations

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Assessing microbial populations is crucial for understanding microbial roles in health, ecology, and industry. Various complementary techniques—both culture-based and molecular—enable detailed analysis of microbial abundance, diversity, and function.Viable Plate CountThe viable plate count is a traditional culture-based method used to estimate the number of living microbes in a sample. After serial dilution, the sample is spread onto nutrient agar plates. Each viable cell forms a...
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Related Experiment Video

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Cytotoxicity Assays with Zebrafish Cell Lines
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Toxicity assessment using different bioassays and microbial biosensors.

Sedky H A Hassan1, Steven W Van Ginkel2, Mohamed A M Hussein3

  • 1Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, New Valley Branch, 72511 Al-Kharja, Egypt.

Environment International
|April 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Microbial biosensors offer a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective method for environmental pollution monitoring. This review highlights their use in toxicity assessment across various applications.

Keywords:
BioassayEnvironmental pollutionMicrobial biosensorsToxicity assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science and Ecotoxicology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Environmental pollution monitoring requires effective toxicity assessment of water and sediment.
  • Biological assays provide rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective ecotoxicity evaluation.
  • Various organisms, from fish to microbes, are used in toxicity testing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review microbial biosensors as analytical devices.
  • To explore their applications in environmental, food, and biomedical fields.
  • To summarize techniques and uses in assessing diverse environments.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on microbial biosensors for toxicity assessment.
  • Common techniques include amperometry, potentiometry, conductometry, voltammetry, microbial fuel cells, fluorescence, bioluminescence, and colorimetry.
  • Review of existing literature and case studies.

Main Results:

  • Microbial biosensors are versatile tools for ecotoxicity assessment.
  • Diverse sensing techniques enable sensitive detection of pollutants.
  • Successful applications demonstrated across environmental matrices.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial biosensors are valuable for rapid and cost-effective toxicity evaluation.
  • They offer significant potential for environmental monitoring and risk assessment.
  • Further development and application of microbial biosensors are encouraged.