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Related Concept Videos

G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

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Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

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Estrogen receptors alpha and beta in bone.

Aysha B Khalid1, Susan A Krum1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.

Bone
|April 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Estrogens regulate bone metabolism through estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and ERβ. These receptors antagonize each other, impacting bone mineral density and overall bone health.

Keywords:
BoneEstrogenEstrogen receptor alpha (ERα, ESR1)Estrogen receptor beta (ERβ, ESR2)

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Estrogens play a crucial role in maintaining bone mineral density through various cellular mechanisms.
  • Estrogen receptors, specifically ERα and ERβ, mediate these effects.
  • The distinct roles of ERα and ERβ are increasingly understood via genetic knockout models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functions of ERα and ERβ in bone metabolism.
  • To emphasize the antagonistic relationship between ERα and ERβ in bone tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro and in vivo experimental data.
  • Analysis of findings from whole body and tissue-specific receptor knockout studies.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) have distinct and often opposing roles in bone.
  • Evidence from knockout studies demonstrates a functional antagonism between ERα and ERβ in bone.
  • This antagonism influences cellular processes critical for bone metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • ERα and ERβ exhibit antagonistic interactions within the bone microenvironment.
  • Understanding this antagonism is key to comprehending estrogen's complex regulation of bone metabolism.
  • Further research into ERα/ERβ antagonism may reveal therapeutic targets for bone diseases.