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Related Concept Videos

The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

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The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
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Equilibrium and Balance01:15

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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
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Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

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Visual-vestibular processing in the human Sylvian fissure.

Sebastian M Frank1, Anna Maria Wirth2, Mark W Greenlee3

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|April 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The human vestibular cortex, including the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) and posterior insular cortex (PIC), has distinct locations and functions. Research shows PIVC and PIC are separate areas within the vestibular Sylvian network.

Keywords:
Sylvian fissurearea PICarea PIVCcaloric vestibular stimulationvestibular cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vestibular System Research
  • Human Brain Imaging

Background:

  • The cortical organization of the human vestibular system remains incompletely understood.
  • The posterior Sylvian fissure, near the posterior insula, is a key area, with the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) identified previously.
  • Other regions, like the posterior insular cortex (PIC), also show vestibular responses, but their relationship with PIVC is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the anatomical and functional relationship between the posterior insular cortex (PIC) and the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC).
  • To clarify the complex organization of the vestibular cortex within the Sylvian fissure by comparing PIVC and PIC in the same individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study brain activity.
  • Participants received both caloric vestibular stimulation and visual object motion stimuli.
  • The location and function of PIVC and PIC were directly compared within the same participants.

Main Results:

  • Both PIVC and PIC responded to caloric vestibular stimulation.
  • Right PIVC activation patterns reliably indicated the direction of caloric stimulus.
  • PIC showed activation during visual object motion, while PIVC activity was suppressed.
  • PIC is located more posteriorly in the Sylvian fissure than PIVC.

Conclusions:

  • The parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) and posterior insular cortex (PIC) are distinct areas within the human vestibular Sylvian network.
  • These areas differ in both their anatomical location and functional responses to vestibular and visual stimuli.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex vestibular cortical network.