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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
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Health Literacy01:21

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Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative...
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
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EXAMINING THE EDUCATION GRADIENT IN CHRONIC ILLNESS.

Pinka Chatterji1, Heesoo Joo1, Kajal Lahiri1

  • 1Department of Economics, University at Albany: SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany NY 12222.

Education Economics
|April 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Higher education is linked to lower rates of undiagnosed chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Findings differ based on how undiagnosed conditions are measured, highlighting the complexity of the education-disease relationship.

Keywords:
cholesterolchronic diseasediabeteseducationhypertension

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Socioeconomic status, particularly education, is a known determinant of health outcomes.
  • Chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol exhibit significant disparities across different educational attainment levels.
  • Understanding the education gradient is crucial for addressing health inequalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between educational attainment and the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed chronic diseases.
  • To explore how different measurement methods (self-reported vs. objective) influence the observed education gradient in chronic disease.
  • To account for potential unmeasured confounding factors linking education and disease diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 1999-2012.
  • Employed statistical methods designed to address unmeasured confounding in the relationship between education and chronic disease.
  • Differentiated between diagnosed and undiagnosed cases of diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol.

Main Results:

  • The education gradient in chronic disease prevalence is sensitive to the measurement of disease status (self-reported vs. objective).
  • In certain analyses, higher education was associated with a lower likelihood of having undiagnosed chronic conditions.
  • The definition and measurement of "undiagnosed disease" significantly impact the observed association with education.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between education and chronic disease is complex and influenced by diagnostic status and measurement methods.
  • Objective measures may provide a clearer picture of the education gradient for undiagnosed conditions.
  • Further research is needed to refine the definition and measurement of undiagnosed disease to better understand health disparities.