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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily...
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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical,...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Imaging Calcium Dynamics in Subpopulations of Mouse Pancreatic Islet Cells
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FGF23 as a calciotropic hormone.

María E Rodríguez-Ortiz1, Mariano Rodríguez2

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F1000Research
|April 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is regulated by calcium levels. In calcium deficiency, FGF23 decreases to maintain calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) and calcium homeostasis.

Keywords:
FGF receptorFGF23calcium

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Mineral Metabolism
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone crucial for mineral metabolism.
  • FGF23 regulates phosphate excretion and calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) production.
  • Calcium homeostasis is maintained by a complex interplay of hormones and organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of calcium in modulating FGF23 production.
  • To understand how FGF23 levels change in response to calcium deficiency.
  • To elucidate the impact of these changes on calcitriol levels and calcium homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • This study involved analyzing the relationship between calcium levels, FGF23 production, and calcitriol metabolism.
  • Experimental models were used to induce and observe calcium deficiency states.
  • Hormonal assays and metabolic balance studies were conducted.

Main Results:

  • Calcium was identified as a significant regulator of FGF23 production.
  • In conditions of calcium deficiency, FGF23 levels were observed to decrease.
  • This reduction in FGF23 helped to preserve calcitriol levels, supporting intestinal calcium absorption.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium plays a direct role in regulating FGF23 secretion.
  • FGF23 acts as a key mediator in adapting mineral metabolism to dietary calcium availability.
  • The FGF23-calcitriol axis is essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis during periods of calcium deficiency.