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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...

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An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

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Published on: May 26, 2020

Sex-based differences in knee ligament biomechanics during robotically simulated athletic tasks.

Nathaniel A Bates¹, Rebecca J Nesbitt², Jason T Shearn²

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics

|April 17, 2016

Summary

Female athletes have higher anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates. This study simulated athletic movements in cadavers, finding no significant sex-based mechanical differences in ACL loading to explain this disparity.

Keywords:

Anterior cruciate ligament strain Cadaveric simulation Gender sex bias Knee joint loading Robotic manipulator

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Last Updated: Mar 22, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

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Published on: May 26, 2020

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

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Published on: April 11, 2018

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

Published on: April 15, 2020

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Orthopedics
Sports Medicine

Background:

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are more prevalent in female athletes compared to males.
Understanding the biomechanical factors contributing to this sex-based difference is crucial for injury prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate sex-based mechanical differences in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading during simulated athletic movements.
To determine if simulated female kinematics generate higher ACL loads and strains than male kinematics.

Main Methods:

Utilized a 6-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator to articulate cadaveric lower extremity specimens.
Simulated in vivo kinematics from male and female athletic tasks, including drop vertical jumps and sidestep cuts.
Measured joint forces, external joint torques, and ACL strains.

Main Results:

Simulated female kinematics resulted in lower peak lateral joint forces during drop jumps and lower anterior/lateral joint forces and torques during sidestep cuts.
Peak ACL strain did not significantly differ between male and female kinematic simulations for either task.
Identified sex-based loading and strain differences were unlikely to account for the higher ACL injury rates in female athletes.

Conclusions:

The simulated biomechanical loading and strain patterns in this study did not explain the increased rate of ACL injuries in female athletes.
Further research involving additional perturbations may be needed to uncover the mechanisms behind sex-based ACL injury disparities.