Anti-HBV activity and mechanism of marine-derived polyguluronate sulfate (PGS) in vitro

Polyguluronate sulfate (PGS) is a low molecular-weight sulfated derivative, which has a structure of 2,3-O-disulfated-1,4-poly-l-guluronic acid (PG) with about 1.5 sulfate per sugar residue. Herein, our results showed that PGS effectively inhibited the expression and secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells. PGS could bind and enter into HepG2.2.15 cells to interfere with HBV transcription rather than blocking HBV DNA replication. Moreover, PGS also enhanced the production and secretion of interferon beta (IFN-β) in HepG2.2.15 cells. Cellular NF-κB and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways were also involved in the anti-HBV actions of PGS. Thus, PGS may inhibit HBV replication through upregulating the NF-κB and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways to enhance the interferon system. In summary, PGS merits further investigation as a novel anti-HBV agent aimed at modulating the host innate immune system in the future.