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Related Concept Videos

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Classification01:23

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Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

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Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers01:24

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release
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Electroresponsive nanoparticles for drug delivery on demand.

Devleena Samanta1, Niloufar Hosseini-Nassab1, Richard N Zare1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. zare@stanford.edu.

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Electroresponsive conducting polymer nanoparticles offer on-demand drug release. This study demonstrates tunable, rapid release of various drugs from polypyrrole nanoparticles, paving the way for programmable drug delivery systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Conducting polymers offer unique electrical properties for advanced applications.
  • Drug delivery systems require precise control over release kinetics.
  • Electroresponsive materials present a promising avenue for on-demand therapeutic delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the potential of electroresponsive conducting polymer nanoparticles as general drug delivery systems.
  • To investigate the electrically controlled, on-demand release of various incorporated drugs.
  • To systematically study factors influencing drug release for system optimization.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of polypyrrole nanoparticles.
  • Loading of model compounds (fluorescein), small molecule drugs (piroxicam), and peptide hormones (insulin).
  • Application of electrical stimuli (current, voltage) to induce drug release.
  • Systematic variation of parameters (current, time, voltage, pH, temperature, concentration, ionic strength) to study their effect on release.

Main Results:

  • Facile and rapid drug release (seconds) achieved from polypyrrole nanoparticles via electrical stimulation.
  • Successful release demonstrated for a wide range of molecules: fluorescein, piroxicam, and insulin.
  • Drug loading capacity of approximately 13 wt% was achieved.
  • Systematic studies revealed multiple tunable parameters for optimizing drug delivery, including current, time, voltage, pH, temperature, particle concentration, and ionic strength.

Conclusions:

  • Electroresponsive conducting polymer nanoparticles are effective general drug delivery systems.
  • Linear scalability and on-demand release of drugs are achievable with electrical pulsing.
  • The tunable nature of release allows for the design of programmable and minimally invasive drug delivery devices.