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Related Concept Videos

The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

32.7K
The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...
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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury
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Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

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Spinal Cords Built to Scale.

Benjamin L Allen1

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Developmental Cell
|April 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Different animal sizes achieve similar body proportions through differential sensitivity to the Hedgehog pathway during neural tube patterning. This finding addresses a key question in developmental biology.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Embryogenesis
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Maintaining proportional body plans across different animal sizes is a fundamental question in embryogenesis.
  • The precise mechanisms controlling embryonic development and body proportioning remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how differential sensitivity to signaling pathways contributes to body plan proportioning during embryogenesis.
  • To explore the role of the Hedgehog pathway in neural tube patterning across different developmental scales.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of neural tube patterning in developing embryos.
  • Investigating the response of developmental processes to varying levels of Hedgehog pathway activity.

Main Results:

  • Differential sensitivity to the Hedgehog pathway was identified as a key factor in maintaining body plan proportions.
  • The study demonstrates how this pathway contributes to neural tube patterning irrespective of overall animal size.

Conclusions:

  • Differential pathway sensitivity offers a potential mechanism for scaling body plans during development.
  • Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for comprehending evolutionary developmental biology.