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Related Concept Videos

Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

1.1K
The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
1.1K
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

2.6K
Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred...
2.6K
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

10.0K
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
10.0K
Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient01:24

Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient

3.3K
Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
The activity coefficient is a measure of the deviation from ideal behavior. When the ionic strength of the solution is minimal, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to unity, making...
3.3K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

2.6K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
2.6K
Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

29.3K
The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
29.3K

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Related Experiment Video

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Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
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Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Published on: January 26, 2014

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[An expression T-vector and its application at low temperatures].

Yanbin He, Yakun Qi, Linting Huang

    Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese Journal of Biotechnology
    |April 21, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed the pEXC-T vector, combining TA cloning and cold-shock induction for efficient recombinant protein expression in E. coli. This method successfully produced unstable proteins in soluble forms, offering a cost-effective solution.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Biotechnology
    • Protein Expression

    Background:

    • Recombinant gene expression is crucial in biology and biotechnology.
    • Escherichia coli (E. coli) is widely used for foreign gene expression.
    • Challenges include protein denaturation, loss of activity at standard E. coli growth temperatures, and toxicity of some target proteins.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To construct a novel T-vector, pEXC-T, for enhanced recombinant protein expression.
    • To optimize cold-shock induction techniques for high-level gene expression.
    • To provide a convenient method for producing recombinant proteins.

    Main Methods:

    • Construction of the pEXC-T vector by integrating TA cloning and cold-shock induction.
    • Optimization of induction techniques for gene expression.
    • Testing the vector's efficacy with two unstable proteins.

    Main Results:

    • Successful construction of the pEXC-T vector.
    • Optimization of induction parameters for improved protein yields.
    • Demonstrated successful expression of two unstable proteins in soluble form using the pEXC vector.

    Conclusions:

    • The pEXC-T vector offers a cost-effective and convenient technique for high-level recombinant protein expression.
    • This method enables the preparation of recombinant proteins, including unstable ones, for various applications.
    • Applications include structure/function studies, diagnostic markers, and medicinal proteins.