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The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
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Hyperthermophilic archaea are a group of extremophiles thriving at temperatures above 80°C, often in hydrothermal vents and volcanic soils where conditions surpass the boiling point of water. At such temperatures, proteins, membranes, and DNA in most organisms degrade, but hyperthermophiles have evolved remarkable adaptations to maintain stability and function.Unique Cellular FeaturesHyperthermophilic membranes are composed of a monolayer of biphytanyl tetraether lipids, which resist...
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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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A step forward understanding HIV-1 diversity.

Redmond P Smyth1, Matteo Negroni2

  • 1Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. r.smyth@ibmc-cnrs.unistra.fr.

Retrovirology
|April 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genetic diversity arises mainly from a cellular restriction factor, not just viral polymerase errors. This factor aids viral propagation by generating beneficial mutations and recombination during infection.

Keywords:
Genetic diversityHost restriction factorsHuman immunodeficiency virusHypermutationsRecombination

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibits significant genetic diversity, complicating vaccine development and therapy.
  • Understanding the in vivo sources of HIV genetic diversity is crucial but remains challenging.
  • Previous research focused on the viral polymerase's error-prone nature as the primary driver of diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the primary sources of genetic diversity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during in vivo infections.
  • To estimate the prevalence of genetic recombination during HIV replication in vivo.
  • To challenge the dogma attributing viral diversity solely to the viral polymerase's intrinsic errors.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of publically available datasets.
  • Application of single genome amplification techniques.
  • Comparison of in vivo findings with previous in vitro (tissue culture) studies.

Main Results:

  • The majority of mutations in HIV patients are caused by a cellular restriction factor that attempts to hypermutate the virus.
  • When hypermutation is incomplete, HIV utilizes this factor to generate diversity beneficial for its propagation.
  • Recombination is confirmed as a pervasive source of genetic diversity in vivo, with frequencies aligning with tissue culture estimates.

Conclusions:

  • HIV genetic diversity is significantly driven by host cellular factors, particularly a hypermutating restriction factor, rather than solely viral polymerase errors.
  • Recombination plays a substantial role in HIV genetic diversity in vivo.
  • These findings necessitate a re-evaluation of HIV evolution and have implications for future research and therapeutic strategies.