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Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
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Crystal Field Theory
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Amphoteric Aqueous Hafnium Cluster Chemistry.

Sara Goberna-Ferrón1, Deok-Hie Park1, Jenn M Amador1

  • 1Center for Sustainable Materials Chemistry (CSMC) and Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331-4003, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized the first polynuclear hydroxo hafnium cluster from a basic solution. This discovery advances understanding of hafnium aqueous chemistry and aids in extreme ultraviolet lithography for nanoscale patterning.

Keywords:
cluster compoundshafniummass spectrometryperoxidessmall-angle X-ray scattering

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Hafnium speciation in basic aqueous solutions is largely unknown, limiting understanding of its chemistry.
  • Previous studies on hafnium aqueous chemistry have been confined to acidic conditions.
  • Selective dissolution of hafnium-peroxo-sulfate films is crucial for extreme ultraviolet lithography patterning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hafnium speciation in basic aqueous media.
  • To synthesize and structurally characterize novel polynuclear hydroxo hafnium clusters.
  • To understand the solution behavior and supramolecular assembly of these clusters.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and crystal growth of polynuclear hydroxo hafnium clusters.
  • Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction.
  • Solution behavior analysis via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).

Main Results:

  • Isolation and structural determination of the first polynuclear hydroxo hafnium cluster from a basic solution: [TMA]6 [Hf6 (μ-O2 )6 (μ-OH)6 (OH)12 ]⋅38 H2 O.
  • Detailed characterization of the cluster's solution behavior, including supramolecular assembly.
  • Demonstration of amphoteric cluster behavior in hafnium chemistry.

Conclusions:

  • This study establishes a new foundation for hafnium aqueous chemistry in basic conditions.
  • The findings provide critical insights for optimizing extreme ultraviolet lithography processes for sub-10 nm HfO2 structures.
  • The research exemplifies the concept of amphoteric clusters and opens new avenues for hafnium-based materials.