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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...

The Thyroid Gland

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

[Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone].

Silje Agnethe Stokke Kvistad¹, Paal Methlie², Kristian Løvås³

¹Hormonlaboratoriet Haukeland universitetssykehus.

Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke

|April 21, 2016

Summary

Thyroid hormone resistance, caused by various genetic defects, impairs thyroid hormone effectiveness. Misdiagnosis as hyperthyroidism can worsen this condition, highlighting the need for accurate diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Molecular Genetics
Hormone Action

Context:

Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone results in reduced hormone effect due to various defects.
Thyroid hormone resistance (THR) is a recognized cause of diminished thyroid hormone action.
Recent decades have seen the identification of other conditions causing impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity.

Purpose:

To provide an overview of conditions with impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity.
To present updated knowledge on thyroid hormone resistance.
To discuss mutations in thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) associated with THR.

Summary:

Thyroid hormone resistance is a known cause of reduced thyroid hormone effect.
Mutations in TRβ, TRα, cell membrane transporters, and deiodinases contribute to impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity.
Clinical and biochemical profiles of these conditions vary significantly.

Impact:

Misinterpreting thyroid hormone resistance as hyperthyroidism can exacerbate the condition.
Accurate recognition and differential diagnosis of thyroid hormone resistance are crucial.
Understanding these conditions prevents inappropriate treatment and improves patient outcomes.