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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

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Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement....
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Therapy Interventions for Upper Limb Amputees Undergoing Selective Nerve Transfers
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Therapy Interventions for Upper Limb Amputees Undergoing Selective Nerve Transfers

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Free Functional Muscle Transfers to Restore Upper Extremity Function.

Emily M Krauss1, Thomas H Tung1, Amy M Moore1

  • 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8238, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Hand Clinics
|April 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Free functional muscle transfer restores function when other methods fail. Optimizing patient selection, surgical technique, and rehabilitation is key for successful outcomes in upper extremity reconstruction.

Keywords:
Brachial plexusFree tissue transferIntercostal nervesMicrosurgeryMuscle transferNerve graftNerve regenerationNerve transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Microsurgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Free functional muscle transfer (FFMT) is a reconstructive option for limb function loss.
  • It is indicated when nerve reconstruction or tendon transfers are not feasible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the critical factors for successful FFMT.
  • To present an algorithm for applying FFMT in upper extremity reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of factors influencing FFMT outcomes.
  • Discussion of patient selection, donor site, surgical technique, and postoperative care.
  • Presentation of an algorithmic approach to FFMT application.

Main Results:

  • Successful FFMT outcomes depend on meticulous optimization of multiple factors.
  • The authors' algorithm guides the selection and application of FFMT for upper extremity deficits.

Conclusions:

  • FFMT is a viable technique for functional restoration in complex cases.
  • Careful planning and execution are essential for optimal functional recovery after FFMT.