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Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

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Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a technique used to analyze elements by measuring electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed by atoms, which causes them to transition to a higher-energy orbit. The most crucial step in AAS is atomization, where the analyte is converted into gas-phase atoms, typically through a flame or furnace. Some of these atoms become thermally excited in the flame, while most remain in the ground state.
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Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels.  Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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Undistorted X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Using s-Core-Orbital Emissions.

Ronny Golnak1,2, Jie Xiao1, Kaan Atak1,3

  • 1Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB) , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

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|April 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Detecting secondary emissions in X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can distort results. This study found that Fe 3s → 2p partial fluorescence yield (PFY) provides the true Fe L-edge XA spectrum, offering a guideline for undistorted measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science
  • Atomic Physics

Background:

  • X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) often relies on secondary emissions like fluorescence yield (FY) or electron yield (EY) when direct transmission measurements are not feasible.
  • Spectral distortions in these secondary signals can arise from relaxation and transport processes, compromising their proportionality to the X-ray absorption coefficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate multiple radiative (FY) and nonradiative (EY) decay channels in a model system (FeCl3 aqueous solution) at the Fe L-edge.
  • To identify which emission detection method yields an undistorted X-ray absorption spectrum.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of radiative (FY) and nonradiative (EY) decay channels.
  • Comparison of experimental spectra from different decay channels.
  • Comparison with theoretically simulated Fe L-edge XA spectrum.

Main Results:

  • Systematic comparisons revealed that detecting the Fe 3s → 2p partial fluorescence yield (PFY) accurately reproduces the true Fe L-edge XA spectrum.
  • This PFY spectrum aligns with theoretical simulations considering only the absorption process, unlike other decay channels.

Conclusions:

  • The Fe 3s → 2p partial fluorescence yield (PFY) is identified as a reliable method for obtaining undistorted X-ray absorption spectra.
  • Key characteristics for undistorted spectra include zero orbital angular momentum (s orbital) and core-level emission, providing future guidelines.