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Related Concept Videos

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
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Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones01:04

Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a strong-smelling ingredient in nail polish removers, all belong to a class of carbonyl compounds called aldehydes and ketones (Figure 1). Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the characteristic carbonyl (C=O) bond, their chemical structures vary with respect to the groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.
In aldehydes (Figures 1a and 1b), the...
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Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:18

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

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Aldehydes are more reactive than carboxylic acids and hence, can get over-reduced to alcohol in the presence of strong reducing agents. Therefore, carboxylic acids are inefficient in preparing aldehydes using LAH.
Carboxylic acid derivatives like acid chlorides and esters are more easily reducible than the corresponding acids. The derivatives reduce in the presence of mild reducing agents to give aldehydes. Aldehydes can also be prepared by Rosenmund reduction, that is, the reduction of...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

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Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction01:23

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

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Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired chemical reactions. These compounds can selectively bind to particular functional groups and advance chemoselective reactions in polyfunctional systems (Figure 1). After the functional group has served its purpose, it is removed by reacting it with specific compounds.
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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Visualizing Lung Cellular Adaptations during Combined Ozone and LPS Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury
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Does acute exposure to aldehydes impair pulmonary function and structure?

Mariana de Abreu1, Alcendino Cândido Neto2, Giovanna Carvalho1

  • 1Laboratory of Biological Assays on Ambient Pollution, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Brazil; Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Brazil.

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
|April 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exposure to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, common air pollutants from fuel mixtures, did not cause lung damage or inflammation in mice. This study found no adverse effects on lung function or morphology at relevant environmental concentrations.

Keywords:
AcetaldehydeAir pollutionFormaldehydeInflammationLung mechanicsMorphology

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Pulmonary Medicine

Background:

  • Brazilian vehicles increasingly use ethanol-gasoline blends, leading to higher concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including aldehydes.
  • Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are significant VOCs found in urban air pollution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exposure on lung function, morphology, and inflammatory/redox responses.
  • To investigate these effects at concentrations relevant to the Brazilian urban environment.

Main Methods:

  • C57BL/6 mice were exposed to medical compressed air or four different mixtures of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
  • Lung mechanics, morphology, inflammatory cell counts, and cytokine levels (IL-1β, KC, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, MCP-1) were measured.
  • Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase) and the extrapulmonary respiratory tract were also analyzed.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were observed in lung function or morphology between exposed groups and the control group.
  • Inflammatory cell infiltration and levels of measured cytokines did not change significantly.
  • No alterations in superoxide dismutase or catalase activity were detected.

Conclusions:

  • Environmentally relevant concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, individually or in mixtures, did not induce measurable morpho-functional impairments in the lungs of exposed mice.
  • The study suggests a lack of acute toxicity in the pulmonary system under the tested conditions.