Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 22, 2026
Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension
Published on: June 6, 2025
Characteristics Associated With Antihypertensive Treatment and Blood Pressure Control: A Population-Based Follow-Up
J Alfredo Zavala-Loayza1, Catherine Pastorius Benziger2, María Kathia Cárdenas1
1CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Insights
Hypertension treatment and control remain challenging globally. This study identified factors associated with treatment and blood pressure control in Peruvian adults, highlighting gaps and targeting opportunities for improved management.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology
- Public Health
- Clinical Hypertension Research
Background:
- Hypertension affects over a quarter of the global adult population, presenting significant challenges in achieving effective treatment and control.
- Suboptimal management of hypertension contributes to a high burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide.
Purpose of the Study:
- To longitudinally identify characteristics associated with antihypertensive treatment and blood pressure (BP) control in individuals with hypertension.
- To understand the factors influencing treatment initiation, adherence, and BP control over time.
Main Methods:
- Utilized data from the population-based CRONICAS Cohort Study in Peru, including adults aged 35+ with hypertension.
- Assessed antihypertensive treatment and BP control at baseline and 15-month follow-up.
- Employed multinomial logistic regression to determine factors associated with treatment and control.
Main Results:
- At baseline, a significant proportion of individuals were unaware of their hypertension (28%), untreated (30%), or treated but uncontrolled (16%).
- Persistence of untreated status was high (89% for unaware, 82% for untreated), and only 58% of controlled individuals remained controlled at follow-up.
- Older age and family history of chronic disease predicted treatment and control, while Puno rural site and male sex were risk factors. Higher baseline systolic BP and male sex predicted being treated but uncontrolled.
Conclusions:
- Significant gaps exist in hypertension treatment coverage and BP control.
- Targeting specific populations, including men and younger individuals, may improve antihypertensive treatment uptake.
- Focusing on male individuals and those with higher systolic BP could enhance short-term BP control rates.
Background:
Over one-quarter of the world's adult population has hypertension, yet achieving adequate treatment or control targets remains a challenge.
Objective:
This study sought to identify, longitudinally, characteristics associated with antihypertensive treatment and blood pressure (BP) control among individuals with hypertension.
Methods:
Data from individuals enrolled in the population-based CRONICAS Cohort Study (adults ≥35 years, living in 4 different rural/urban and coastal/high-altitude Peruvian settings) with hypertension at baseline were used. Antihypertensive treatment and BP control were assessed at baseline and at 15 months. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to estimate relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of factors associated with antihypertensive treatment and BP control at follow-up.
Results:
At baseline, among 717 individuals with hypertension (53% women, mean age 61.5 ± 12.4 years), 28% were unaware of their hypertension status, 30% were aware but untreated, 16% were treated but uncontrolled, and 26% were treated and controlled. At follow-up, 89% of unaware and 82% of untreated individuals persisted untreated, and only 58% of controlled individuals remained controlled. Positive predictors of receiving treatment and being controlled at follow-up included age (RRR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.91 for every 5 years) and family history of a chronic disease (RRR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.92 vs. no history); whereas Puno rural site (RRR: 16.51; 95% CI: 1.90 to 143.56 vs. Lima) and male sex (RRR: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.54 to 4.36) were risk factors. Systolic BP at baseline (RRR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.39 for every 5 mm Hg) and male sex (RRR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.98) were risk factors for being treated but uncontrolled at follow-up.
Conclusions:
Large gaps in treatment of hypertension were observed. Targeting specific populations such as men, younger individuals, or those without family history of disease may increase coverage of antihypertensive treatment. Also, targeting male individuals or those with higher systolic BP could yield better rates of BP control in the short term.
Related Concept Videos
01:28Hypertension IV: Drug Therapy and Lifestyle Modifications
01:30Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
01:18Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure
01:23Hypertension V: Nursing Management
01:25Errors occurring during blood pressure monitoring
Several factors...
01:30Alterations in Blood Pressure
Hypertension (High blood pressure)
Hypertension occurs when blood pressure readings consistently exceed the normal range. It is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure (the top number, indicating pressure while the heart...