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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Reply to: A Lethal Progressive Neuroinflammation Disguised as MOGAD Revealing a Final Diagnosis of Griscelli Syndrome: Regarding: MOGAD is the Most Common Cause of Isolated Optic Neuritis in Children.

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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies
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Don't drink in the valley.

Robert B Garoon1, Rod Foroozan1, Michael S Vaphiades2

  • 1Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|April 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A man with chronic headaches was diagnosed with a rare fungal infection, Coccidioidomycosis, affecting the brain. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this serious neurological condition.

Keywords:
chronic headachecoccidioidal meningitisdisk edemafluconazoleperipapillary exudates

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Chronic headaches and blurred vision can indicate serious underlying neurological conditions.
  • Papilledema suggests increased intracranial pressure, necessitating urgent investigation.
  • Leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI points to inflammation or infection of the brain's membranes.

Observation:

  • A 39-year-old male presented with chronic headaches, intermittent blurred vision, papilledema, and a history of alcohol use, weight loss, and night sweats.
  • Initial neuroimaging and blood work were normal, delaying diagnosis.
  • Brain MRI revealed communicating hydrocephalus and leptomeningeal enhancement.

Findings:

  • Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and leptomeningeal biopsy were performed.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis eventually detected positive titers for Coccidioides.
  • Biopsy culture confirmed Coccidioidomycosis, a fungal infection.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering endemic fungal infections in patients with unexplained neurological symptoms, even with initially normal investigations.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis of Coccidioidomycosis is vital for effective treatment and preventing severe neurological sequelae.
  • The diagnostic challenge underscores the need for comprehensive cerebrospinal fluid analysis in suspected cases of meningitis or encephalitis.