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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Transconjunctival Approach for Injection into the Rat Optic Nerve
Published on: April 4, 2025
Neuronavigated percutaneous approach to the sphenopalatine ganglion
Nicola Benedetto1, Paolo Perrini1
1Neurosurgical Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana-AOUP, Pisa, Italy.
Abstract:
The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) has been assumed to be involved in the genesis of several types of facial pain, including Sluder's neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, persistent idiopathic facial pain, cluster headache, and atypical facial pain. The gold standard treatments for SPG-related pain are percutaneous procedures performed with the aid of fluoroscopy or CT. In this technical note the authors present, for the first time, an SPG approach using the aid of a neuronavigator.
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