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Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
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Beard reconstruction: A surgical algorithm.

M Ninkovic1, P I Heidekrueger1, D Ehrl1

  • 1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Hand, and Burn Surgery, Klinikum Bogenhausen, Academic Teaching Hospital Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS
|April 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial defects impacting beard growth can be reconstructed using locoregional or free flaps. Tissue expansion is crucial for successful male beard reconstruction, improving patient satisfaction and minimizing donor site issues.

Keywords:
Beard reconstructionFacial defectsFacial reconstructionHair-bearing faceMustache reconstructionPre-expansion

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Facial Reconstruction

Background:

  • Facial defects involving hair-bearing areas result from trauma, infection, tumor excision, or burns.
  • Reconstruction of these defects, particularly in males for beard restoration, presents unique challenges.
  • Tissue expansion is a key technique for obtaining suitable tissue for reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate surgical approaches for male beard reconstruction.
  • To emphasize the role of tissue expansion in regional and free flap reconstructions.
  • To analyze outcomes and complications of different flap techniques.

Main Methods:

  • 14 facial defects in 11 male patients were reconstructed using locoregional or free flaps.
  • Pre-expansion of tissue was utilized in 5 patients to optimize tissue characteristics.
  • Locoregional flaps were used in 8 patients, and free flaps in 6 patients.

Main Results:

  • Locoregional flaps had 0% major complications, while free flaps had a 17% complication rate.
  • Secondary refinement surgery was needed in 25% of locoregional flaps versus 67% of free flaps.
  • All patients showed long-term improvement in aesthetics and satisfaction.

Conclusions:

  • Both locoregional and free tissue transfers are effective for beard reconstruction.
  • Pre-expansion is an invaluable tool for improving tissue quality and minimizing donor site morbidity.
  • Adherence to reconstructive principles enhances aesthetic outcomes and patient satisfaction.