Intradermal tattoo as an adjunct to nipple-areola reconstruction

Improving results in breast reconstruction have encouraged more authentic restoration of the lost nipple-areola. While recreation of nipple shape can be reliably achieved, appropriate color has remained elusive, except when a composite nipple graft has been harvested from the normal breast, often at a significant aesthetic, emotional, and oncologic cost. Extensive experience with intradermal tattooing of the nipple-areola in over 100 patients over a 5-year period has shown this technique to be exceptionally safe and effective. Both medical-grade and commercial machines are available at varying prices, and medical-grade pigments may be obtained in a variety of authentic flesh tones derived from titanium or iron oxides. In nearly every case, tattooing has helped with either nipple-areola color, size, shape, or position, without any significant complications. Some degree of tattoo fading is common, requiring occasional late touch-ups and, more rarely, complete retattooing.