[Predictors of Average Speed in Orienteering: The Number of Controls is Crucial]

The aim of this study was to compare differences in average speed in the three competition forms orienteering sprint, long distance and hunt start, and to identify reasons for speed differences. In contrast to classic running disciplines, average speed increased with longer distances, which is probably due to technical requirements or the number of controls, which decreased proportionally with longer distances. These analyses emphasise the importance of map-reading in the area of controls since these parts of the races seem to bear a great deal of potential to optimize running times, thereby enabling runners to achieve their maximum performance levels. Based on these findings, the principal of focusing training on one distance due to biological constraints is less important in orienteering than it is in running disciplines. However, if runners do choose to focus on a certain speed, e. g. in the case of elite runners, analogous to 5-km runs, the training of sprints or half-marathons for the classic distance should be structured and organised. Runners prioritising sprint should therefore focus on lactate tolerance or speed work in training whereas runners prioritising classic distance should put emphasis on basic endurance and threshold training. To sum up, this study highlights the relevance of cognitive-technical skills in the control area of races. These elements should constantly be trained by orienteers, independently of physical constraints, in order for them to realise their full potential in races.