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Related Concept Videos

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model
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Autoimmunity in visual loss.

Axel Petzold1, Sui Wong2, Gordon T Plant3

  • 1The Dutch Expert Center for Neuro-ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune disorders can impact vision, affecting the retina and anterior visual pathway. Research is advancing by identifying molecular targets in conditions like Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityVogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndromeacute zonal occult outer retinopathyaquaporin 4cancer associated retinopathychiasmitischronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathymelanoma associated retinopathymultiple sclerosismyelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteinneuromyelitis opticaoptic neuritisretinitissarcoidosissystemic lupus erythematosusvasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Autoimmune disorders frequently impact visual function, targeting the retina and anterior visual pathway.
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a common cause of visual loss in young adults due to optic neuritis, though its autoimmune basis remains unclear.
  • Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is now recognized as autoimmune, with antibodies to Aquaporin4 and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of autoimmune disorders affecting vision.
  • To highlight the known and suspected autoimmune mechanisms impacting the visual pathway.
  • To discuss advances in identifying autoantibodies and molecular targets in visual autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of autoimmune disorders affecting the visual system.
  • Analysis of established and suspected autoimmune conditions impacting the retina and optic nerve.
  • Discussion of implicated autoantibodies and their role in pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Autoimmune attacks can affect the retina, optic nerve, and chiasm.
  • Conditions like MS, NMO, and inflammatory optic neuropathies present with visual loss.
  • Cancer-associated retinopathy and other retinal disorders show potential autoimmune links.

Conclusions:

  • Visual loss in autoimmune disorders is an expanding research area.
  • Advances are driven by characterizing phenotypes and predicting molecular targets.
  • Further research is needed to confirm autoimmune pathogenesis in many visual disorders.