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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
Physes around the shoulder girdle: normal development and injury patterns
I Anwar1, D Amiras1, M Khanna1
1Radiology Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK.
Abstract:
Traumatic injuries involving the scapula and clavicle in skeletally immature patients have unique characteristics that distinguish them from similar injuries in the mature skeleton. Fractures involving unossified cartilage and unfused epiphyses are difficult to appreciate on plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) imaging. Knowledge of the developmental anatomy and normal radiological appearances during different stages of development of these bones is an essential prerequisite for the radiologist tasked with interpreting the imaging of such injuries in order to avoid potential diagnostic pitfalls. With increased availability and improved resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we are now better able to distinguish between true joint dislocations and epiphyseal injuries. Making this distinction is important because it can have implications with regards to how the patient is managed and the prognosis.
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