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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Murine Brain Using a Cost-Effective Hyperglycemic And Hypoglycemic Clamp Technique
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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Murine Brain Using a Cost-Effective Hyperglycemic And Hypoglycemic Clamp Technique

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Glucagon action in the brain.

Mona A Abraham1,2, Tony K T Lam3,4,5,6,7

  • 1Toronto General Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, UHN, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.

Diabetologia
|April 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain glucagon plays a key role in regulating body weight and blood sugar. Understanding its actions in the brain offers new therapeutic targets for obesity and diabetes.

Keywords:
BrainDorsal vagal complexGlucagon actionGlucose and energy homeostasisHypothalamusProtein-feeding, Review

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Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Homeostasis

Background:

  • Recent discoveries highlight the critical role of brain glucagon in maintaining peripheral homeostasis.
  • Brain glucagon influences feeding behavior and glucose metabolism, impacting overall energy balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare and contrast the actions of brain glucagon in feeding versus glucose regulation.
  • To review the physiological relevance of brain glucagon in key central nervous system regions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on brain glucagon.
  • Analysis of glucagon's action in the mediobasal hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex.

Main Results:

  • Brain glucagon differentially regulates feeding and glucose homeostasis.
  • Specific brain regions, including the mediobasal hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex, are crucial for these actions.

Conclusions:

  • Novel insights into brain glucagon biology offer potential therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases.
  • Enhancing brain glucagon action may provide new treatments for diabetes and obesity.