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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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[Influenza surveillance].

Karolina Bednarska1, Ewelina Hallmann-Szelińska1, Katarzyna Kondratiuk1

  • 1Zakład Badania Wirusów Grypy, Krajowy Ośrodek ds. Grypy, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego - Państwowy Zakład Higieny, Warszawa.

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Summary
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Global influenza surveillance, coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1947, monitors virus activity and guides vaccine development. This international cooperation is crucial for managing evolving influenza strains and preventing pandemics.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Influenza surveillance began in 1947, with the World Health Organization (WHO) coordinating international efforts.
  • Continuous monitoring is essential due to the constant mutation of influenza viruses, leading to new and potentially more virulent strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To monitor influenza virus activity globally.
  • To facilitate effective diagnostics of circulating influenza viruses.
  • To inform the public about potential epidemics, pandemics, and the emergence of new influenza A subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • International cooperation coordinated by WHO.
  • Integrated epidemiological and virological surveillance by the European Influenza Surveillance Network (EISN).
  • Collaboration between WHO's Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), EISN, and National Influenza Centres.

Main Results:

  • Established a system for monitoring influenza virus activity worldwide.
  • Enabled the development of optimal vaccine antigenic composition for seasonal influenza.
  • Provided timely data to public health experts for informed decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Global influenza surveillance is vital for preparedness against mutating viruses.
  • Vaccination remains the most effective defense against influenza.
  • Coordinated surveillance networks like GISRS and EISN are critical for public health protection.