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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
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Sleep, circadian rhythm and body weight: parallel developments.

Margriet S Westerterp-Plantenga1

  • 1Department of Human Biology, Nutrim,Maastricht University,MUMC+, P.O. Box 616,6200 MD,Maastricht,The Netherlands.

The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
|April 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Maintaining circadian alignment through sleep, meals, and physical activity is vital for weight management and metabolic health. Misalignment disrupts hormones and metabolism, negatively impacting body weight.

Keywords:
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistanceHPA axis hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axisIR insulin resistanceQS quality sleepREM rapid eye movementSCN suprachiasmatic nucleusSWS slow wave sleepWT wrist temperatureCircadian misalignmentInsulin sensitivityMetabolic disordersOverweightSleep disruption

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Body Weight Management

Background:

  • Circadian alignment, encompassing sleep, meal timing, and physical activity, is essential for metabolic health and body weight regulation.
  • Puberty is associated with reduced sleep duration, which is inversely linked to body weight development.
  • Circadian misalignment negatively impacts sleep architecture, glucose metabolism, appetite regulation, and hormonal balance, promoting positive energy balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of circadian alignment in body-weight management and metabolic health.
  • To explore the consequences of circadian misalignment on physiological processes related to energy balance.
  • To examine the combined effects of sleep, meal patterns, and physical activity on circadian rhythm stability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on circadian rhythms, sleep, metabolism, and body weight.
  • Analysis of the association between sleep duration, pubertal status, and body weight development.
  • Examination of the physiological effects of circadian misalignment on metabolic and hormonal markers.

Main Results:

  • Circadian misalignment disrupts glucose-insulin metabolism, appetite regulation (leptin, ghrelin), and hormonal axes (HPA-axis).
  • Reduced sleep duration during puberty is consistently linked to increased body weight.
  • Regular physical activity enhances circadian rhythm stability and amplitude, potentially restoring disrupted rhythms.

Conclusions:

  • Circadian alignment of sleep, meals, and physical activity is crucial for maintaining metabolic health and managing body weight.
  • Circadian misalignment contributes to metabolic disturbances and positive energy balance.
  • The stability and amplitude of the circadian rhythm, potentially influenced by genetics, integrate the benefits of physical activity, meal regularity, and sufficient sleep.