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Related Concept Videos

Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:26

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

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Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis
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Single Molecule Fluorescence Energy Transfer Study of Ribosome Protein Synthesis

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Structural insights into ribosome translocation.

Clarence Ling1, Dmitri N Ermolenko1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics & Center for RNA Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|April 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Ribosome translocation, essential for protein synthesis, involves coordinated movements of tRNA and mRNA. Elongation Factor G (EF-G) drives these movements through specific interactions and conformational changes within the ribosome.

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Last Updated: Mar 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein synthesis relies on the ribosome's ability to move along messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • This movement, known as translocation, is facilitated by elongation factors like EF-G (bacteria) and EF-2 (eukaryotes).
  • Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms of translocation is crucial for comprehending gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the sequential structural rearrangements during ribosome, EF-G, and tRNA translocation.
  • To integrate findings from structural and single-molecule studies on ribosome dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent structural data.
  • Review of single-molecule studies on ribosome translocation.

Main Results:

  • Ribosome translocation involves coupled rotations between ribosomal subunits and swiveling of the small subunit's head domain.
  • Elongation Factor G (EF-G) domain IV docking into the small ribosomal subunit's A site is critical.
  • EF-G converts thermal motions into directed tRNA/mRNA movement.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the complex interplay of conformational changes during ribosome translocation.
  • While significant progress has been made, the exact sequence of events requires further investigation.