Advances in Pretransplant Donor-Specific Antibody Testing in Solid Organ Transplantation: From Bench to Bedside

Immunological risk stratification has a central role in determining both the feasibility of solid organ transplantation and the type (and amount) of induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. Currently there is poor consensus on how to exactly estimate the global immunological risk, and most transplant centers adopt complicated internal guidelines for risk stratification. Here we systematically review published evidences that should drive appropriateness in risk stratification, focusing on donor-specific antibodies against HLA and other antigens.