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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
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The dorsal...
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior
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Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

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Principles underlying sensory map topography in primary visual cortex.

Jens Kremkow1, Jianzhong Jin1, Yushi Wang1

  • 1Graduate Center for Vision Research, State University of New York, College of Optometry, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036, USA.

Nature
|April 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual cortex maps for orientation and disparity are linked to spatial location maps. This organization stems from how light (ON) and dark (OFF) signals from the thalamus are arranged, revealing a common principle in visual topography.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual System
  • Cortical Mapping

Background:

  • The primary visual cortex contains detailed maps of visual scenes based on location, ocular dominance, and orientation.
  • The origins of maps for orientation, direction, and retinal disparity are not fully understood.
  • Existing maps for spatial location and ocular dominance are linked to thalamic afferent axon arrangement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the organizational principles underlying visual cortical maps.
  • To determine the relationship between spatial location maps and other visual stimulus dimension maps.
  • To elucidate the role of thalamic afferent organization in visual cortical topography.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cortical maps in the cat (Felis catus) visual cortex.
  • Examination of the spatial arrangement of thalamic afferent axons.
  • Correlation of ON-OFF stimulus maps with orientation, direction, and retinal disparity maps.

Main Results:

  • Cortical maps for orientation, direction, and retinal disparity are strongly related to the spatial location map of light (ON) and dark (OFF) stimuli.
  • The ON-OFF map is characterized as OFF-dominated, OFF-centric, and orthogonal to ocular dominance columns.
  • This ON-OFF organization originates from the clustering of ON and OFF thalamic afferents.

Conclusions:

  • A common organizing principle underlies visual cortical topography.
  • Thalamic axons with similar retinotopy and ON-OFF polarity are arranged in neighboring cortical regions.
  • This arrangement dictates the formation of maps for orientation, direction, and retinal disparity.