[Cardiac syndrome X--epidemiology, diagnostics, ethiopatoghenesis, prognosis, treatment and latest guidelines]

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Internal Medicine

Context:

• Historically, patients presenting with chest pain, abnormal ECG, and positive stress tests often had normal coronary angiograms, a condition initially termed Cardiac Syndrome X.
• The 2013 European Society of Cardiology guidelines updated this terminology to 'angina with normal coronary arteries' for stable coronary artery disease.
• Understanding this condition is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of patients with unexplained chest pain.

Purpose:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of angina with normal coronary arteries (formerly Cardiac Syndrome X).
• To elaborate on the epidemiology, diagnostics, ethiopathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment based on recent studies and guidelines.

Summary:

• This article reviews the epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, underlying causes (ethiopathogenesis), patient outcomes (prognosis), and therapeutic strategies for angina with normal coronary arteries.
• It synthesizes current knowledge, incorporating the latest research and clinical guidelines, to clarify this complex cardiovascular condition.
• The focus is on patients experiencing chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries.

Impact:

• Enhances understanding of a common yet complex cardiovascular presentation.
• Aids clinicians in diagnosing and managing patients with angina and normal coronary arteries.
• Informs future research directions for this patient group.