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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

717
Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

325
Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
325
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

555
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
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Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

718
Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
718
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

609
Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
609
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

555
Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
555

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HACEK endocarditis: a review.

Sima L Sharara1, Ralph Tayyar2, Zeina A Kanafani2

  • 1a School of Medicine, American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon.

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|April 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The HACEK group (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella kingae) causes rare but serious infective endocarditis. Early diagnosis and treatment are key for a good prognosis in HACEK endocarditis.

Keywords:
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansCardiobacterium hominisEikenella corrodensHACEK endocarditisHaemophilus sppKingella kingaeinfective endocarditis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The HACEK group, comprising specific bacteria, is a rare but significant cause of infective endocarditis (IE).
  • While often associated with Gram-negative endocarditis, HACEK endocarditis (HE) has a generally favorable prognosis if identified promptly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of HACEK endocarditis (HE).
  • To cover epidemiology, microbiology, diagnosis, clinical features, complications, treatment, and prevention of HE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HACEK endocarditis.
  • Analysis of microbiological characteristics and diagnostic methods.
  • Discussion of clinical management strategies and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Advancements in culturing techniques improve the isolation of fastidious HACEK organisms.
  • Positive blood cultures for HACEK organisms without a clear infection source strongly suggest HE.
  • Early initiation of antibiotics like ceftriaxone or fluoroquinolones is recommended, even before susceptibility testing.

Conclusions:

  • HACEK endocarditis requires a multidisciplinary approach involving infectious disease specialists, cardiologists, surgeons, and microbiologists.
  • Individualized decisions regarding surgical intervention are crucial for managing HE.
  • Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are vital for improving outcomes in HACEK endocarditis.