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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
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Varicella-zoster virus: pathogenesis, incidence patterns and vaccination programs.

Giovanni Gabutti1, Michele Franchi, Licia Maniscalco

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Chickenpox vaccination significantly reduces illness and death. Ongoing debates focus on optimal vaccine schedules and potential impacts on shingles epidemiology due to widespread varicella immunization.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and can reactivate as herpes zoster.
  • Chickenpox is a widespread, vaccine-preventable childhood illness with significant healthcare burdens.
  • Despite mild illness in healthy children, vaccination is increasingly recommended globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and safety of varicella vaccines, including combined MMRV vaccines.
  • To discuss the ongoing international debate regarding varicella vaccination schedules and safety concerns.
  • To explore the potential impact of widespread varicella immunization on herpes zoster epidemiology and exogenous boosting.

Main Methods:

  • Review of licensed live attenuated monovalent and combined MMRV vaccines.
  • Analysis of data from millions of vaccine doses administered worldwide.
  • Discussion of ongoing research and epidemiological considerations.

Main Results:

  • Varicella vaccines and combined MMRV vaccines demonstrate excellent safety and efficacy.
  • Universal, two-dose vaccination strategies have substantially reduced varicella morbidity and mortality.
  • International debate continues regarding optimal dosing intervals and first-dose vaccine choices.

Conclusions:

  • Widespread varicella immunization effectively reduces disease burden.
  • Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects on herpes zoster epidemiology, particularly concerning exogenous boosting.
  • Clarifying the impact of childhood vaccination on adult VZV reactivation is crucial.