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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
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Introduction to Joints00:58

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The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
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Joints01:26

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
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The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

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The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
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Selected ENT symptoms in functional disorders of the upper cervical spine and temporomandibular joints.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
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[The vestibular craniovertebral joints].

A Lappat1, L J Dorn2, M Hölzl3,4

  • 1Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Sankt Gertrauden Krankenhaus, Paretzer Straße 12, Berlin, 10713, Deutschland.

HNO
|April 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study found that head-to-trunk provocation effectively evaluates cervicotonic provocation nystagmus. Trunk excursion testing revealed age-independent responses, unlike head excursion testing which showed age-related differences in nystagmus.

Keywords:
Cervicotonic provocation nystagmusGravity vectorHead excursion testTrunk excursion testUpbeat-nystagmus

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Area of Science:

  • Vestibular Neuroscience
  • Human Balance and Posture
  • Cervical Proprioception

Background:

  • The role of cervical proprioception in maintaining human balance is not fully understood.
  • Developing methods to selectively stimulate cervico-vestibular pathways is crucial for research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate a novel Trunk Excursion Test (TET) for selective cervico-vestibular stimulation.
  • To compare the efficacy of the TET with the established Head Excursion Test (HET).
  • To investigate the effects of aging on cervico-vestibular reactions.

Main Methods:

  • A new Trunk Excursion Test (TET) was developed and compared to the Head Excursion Test (HET).
  • 100 healthy participants were divided into two age groups (median ages 26 and 50 years).
  • Subjects underwent randomized testing to compare neck-to-trunk positions using both HET and TET.

Main Results:

  • The TET detected horizontal nystagmus modulation only during trunk torsion, unlike HET which detected both horizontal and vertical nystagmus.
  • Head excursion in HET elicited stronger nystagmus modulation than trunk excursion in TET.
  • Older adults (group 50) showed more vertical nystagmus with HET compared to younger adults (group 26), but no significant age difference was observed with TET.

Conclusions:

  • Head-to-trunk provocation, particularly using the TET, is a promising method for assessing cervicotonic provocation nystagmus.
  • Further research is needed to establish adequate excursion limits and analyze patients with cervical deficiencies to fully understand the method's effects.