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Perception01:28

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Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
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Time Perception Mechanisms at Central Nervous System.

Rhailana Fontes1, Jéssica Ribeiro1, Daya S Gupta2

  • 1Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba, Brazil.

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The brain

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • The perception of time involves complex neural mechanisms influenced by cognitive processes and environmental factors.
  • Factors such as emotional state, attention, memory, and diseases can alter time perception.
  • The precise neural underpinnings of time perception remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the neurofunctional aspects, theories, executive functions, and pathologies related to time perception.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on the neural basis of temporal perception.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted for articles published between 1980 and 2015.
  • Keywords included neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, theories, time cells, memory, schizophrenia, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and perception of time.
  • 158 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria for analysis.

Main Results:

  • Research highlights the involvement of the frontal cortex, parietal lobe, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and hippocampus in time perception.
  • Studies indicate that neurological and psychiatric disorders significantly impact the understanding of time.
  • The severity of disease and task type are crucial determinants in altered time perception.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in understanding time perception are attributed to research on specific brain regions.
  • The neural mechanisms of time perception are multifaceted, involving various brain structures and cognitive functions.
  • Disruptions in time perception are characteristic of several neurological and psychiatric conditions.