A quantitative kinetic model for the fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of Nannochloropsis sp

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a technology for converting algal biomass into biocrude oil and high-value products. To elucidate the underlying kinetics for this process, we conducted isothermal and non-isothermal reactions over a broad range of holding times (10s-60min), temperatures (100-400°C), and average heating rates (110-350°Cmin(-1)). Biocrude reached high yields (⩾37wt%) within 2min for heat-source set-point temperatures of 350°C or higher. We developed a microalgal HTL kinetic model valid from 10s to 60min, including significantly shorter timescales (10s-10min) than any previous model. The model predicts that up to 46wt% biocrude yields are achievable at 400°C and 1min, reaffirming the utility of short holding times and "fast" HTL. We highlight potential trade-offs between maximizing biocrude quantity and facilitating aqueous phase recovery, which may improve biocrude quality.