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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

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Insect Pathogenic Fungi as Endophytes.

S Moonjely1, L Barelli1, M J Bidochka1

  • 1Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.

Advances in Genetics
|May 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Endophytic insect pathogenic fungi (EIPF) like Metarhizium and Beauveria evolved from plant endophytes, challenging previous views. Their genes for insect pathogenesis may be co-opted from endophytic functions, benefiting plants.

Keywords:
BeauveriaEndophyteHost switchingInsect pathogenMetarhiziumPathogen evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology and Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant-Fungal Interactions
  • Molecular Genetics

Background:

  • Insect pathogenic fungi (IPF) can also live as endophytes within plants, termed endophytic insect pathogenic fungi (EIPF).
  • Focus on Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria bassiana as key EIPF models.
  • Existing views suggest IPF evolved first, then adapted to plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore evolutionary, ecological, molecular genetics, and applied aspects of EIPF.
  • To challenge the notion that EIPF primarily evolved from insect pathogens.
  • To investigate gene relationships between insect pathogenesis and endophytism.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis to determine evolutionary relationships.
  • Comparative genomics to study gene function in pathogenesis and endophytism.
  • Examination of EIPF-plant interactions and genetic underpinnings.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic evidence indicates EIPF lineages are closely related to ancient grass endophytes (diverged ~100 MYA).
  • Genes for insect pathogenesis may have been co-opted from endophytic functions, or are multifunctional.
  • EIPF exhibit genetic traits for plant colonization, communication, and nutrient exchange, conferring benefits to host plants.

Conclusions:

  • EIPF likely evolved from plant-associated fungi, not solely from insect pathogens.
  • Gene co-option and multifunctional genes are key to EIPF lifestyle transitions.
  • EIPF represent a beneficial symbiosis with plants, offering potential for novel secondary metabolites.