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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Quantifying Domestic Used Electronics Flows using a Combination of Material Flow Methodologies: A US Case Study.

T Reed Miller¹, Huabo Duan¹, Jeremy Gregory¹

¹Materials System Laboratory, Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts United States.

Environmental Science & Technology

|May 3, 2016

Summary

In 2010, the U.S. generated an estimated 130-164 thousand metric tons of used computers and 128-153 thousand tons of used monitors. Collection efforts captured 110-116 thousand tons of computers and 105-106 thousand tons of monitors.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Waste Management
Quantitative Analysis

Background:

The U.S. generates significant amounts of electronic waste annually.
Accurate data on the generation and collection of used electronics is limited.
Understanding these flows is crucial for effective e-waste management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantitatively analyze the generation, stock, and collection of used computers and monitors in the U.S. up to 2010.
To compare two distinct methodologies for estimating these quantities.
To provide a reliable range for e-waste generation and collection figures.

Main Methods:

Employed the Sales Obsolescence Method (SOM) and the Survey Scale-Up Method (SSUM).
Incorporated uncertainty analysis using Monte Carlo simulations (SOM) and scenario development (SSUM).
Focused on desktops, laptops, CRT monitors, and flat panel monitors.

Main Results:

Estimated 2010 generation: 130-164 thousand metric tons of used computers and 128-153 thousand tons of used monitors.
Estimated 2010 collection: 110-116 thousand tons of used computers and 105-106 thousand tons of used monitors.
Both SOM and SSUM provided comparable and reasonable estimates, validating the chosen approaches.

Conclusions:

Both the Sales Obsolescence Method and Survey Scale-Up Method are viable for estimating used electronics generation and collection.
The study provides a robust range for U.S. used computer and monitor waste streams.
Findings support informed policy and practice in electronic waste management.