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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

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Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate concentrations. Additional trials with inhibitors or other molecules that affect the reaction rate may also be performed.
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Introduction to Enzymes01:22

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
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Enzymes02:34

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
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Computational Recipes in Enzymology.

Michael J Rust1

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, 900 East 57(th) Street, KCBD 10124, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Cell Systems
|May 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Complex biological behaviors emerge from simple two-molecule interactions. This study explores the fundamental principles governing how basic biochemical reactions lead to sophisticated life processes.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Systems Biology
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Biological systems exhibit remarkable complexity.
  • This complexity is often attributed to the interactions of individual molecules.
  • Understanding the link between molecular interactions and emergent behavior is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between simple bimolecular collisions and the emergence of rich biological behaviors.
  • To elucidate the fundamental principles governing the transition from molecular interactions to complex biological functions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of bimolecular reaction networks.
  • Computational simulations of molecular dynamics.
  • Analysis of emergent properties from kinetic data.

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Main Results:

  • Demonstrated how simple reaction rules can generate complex dynamic patterns.
  • Identified key parameters in bimolecular interactions that influence emergent behavior.
  • Showcased the potential for self-organization in biochemical systems.

Conclusions:

  • Bimolecular collisions are sufficient to generate sophisticated biological behaviors.
  • The study provides a framework for understanding emergent complexity in biological systems.
  • Highlights the importance of fundamental chemical kinetics in driving biological functions.