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Related Concept Videos

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
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Genotype by environment interactions for behavioral reactivity in sheep.

D Hazard, J Bouix, M Chassier

    Journal of Animal Science
    |May 3, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sheep behavior traits like social reactivity and human interaction are heritable. Genotype by environment interactions were found for locomotion, vigilance, and flight distance, but not vocalizations, impacting selection strategies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Animal Behavior and Genetics
    • Quantitative Genetics
    • Livestock Adaptation

    Background:

    • Social reactivity and human reactivity in sheep are heritable traits linked to adaptation.
    • Previous research identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these behaviors.
    • Limited studies have explored genotype by environment (G × E) interactions for sheep behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate genotype by environment (G × E) interactions in sheep social and human reactivity.
    • To assess the heritability and genetic correlations of behavioral traits under different rearing conditions.
    • To identify robust behavioral indicators for improving sheep sociability and reducing human reactivity.

    Main Methods:

    • Analyzed behavioral data from 2,989 lambs from 30 sires, reared under intensive and extensive conditions.
    • Assessed vocalizations, locomotion, vigilance, and flight distance using standardized behavioral tests.
    • Employed statistical approaches to estimate heritability, genetic correlations, and G × E interactions.

    Main Results:

    • Intensive rearing increased social and human reactivity; heritability for these traits was similar across conditions.
    • Significant G × E interactions were detected for locomotion, vigilance, and flight distance, with low to moderate genetic correlations.
    • Vocalization in response to social isolation was a robust trait, unaffected by G × E interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • Vocalization in response to social isolation is a reliable trait for enhancing sheep sociability across environments.
    • G × E interactions for locomotion, vigilance, and flight distance necessitate environment-specific selection strategies.
    • Observed G × E interactions for human reactivity suggest potential for selecting sires to produce less reactive offspring in diverse environments.