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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optics
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Photon upconversion is vital for applications but limited by low absorption and quantum yields.
    • Lanthanide-doped materials often require high excitation irradiance.
    • Photonic environments can enhance upconversion luminescence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) on upconversion properties.
    • To computationally model the interplay between GNPs and upconverter materials.
    • To determine optimal positioning for enhanced upconversion quantum yield (UCQY).

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a 3D computation-based approach.
    • Employed Mie and electrodynamic theories for GNP properties.
    • Applied a rate equation model for the β-NaYF₄: 20% Er³⁺ upconverter.

    Main Results:

    • Upconversion luminescence and UCQY are sensitive to the distance from GNPs.
    • Maximum enhancement of upconversion luminescence observed ~35 nm from GNP surface.
    • UCQY enhancement depends on GNP size, distance, and irradiance, with optimal positions identified.

    Conclusions:

    • Strategic placement of upconverters near GNPs is essential for maximizing UCQY.
    • A 300 nm GNP achieved a 117% UCQY enhancement at 0.01 W/cm², improving absolute UCQY.
    • The enhancement effect diminishes at higher irradiances, but significant improvements are still possible.