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Related Concept Videos

Transcription in Prokaryotes01:28

Transcription in Prokaryotes

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Transcription is a highly regulated process that converts genetic information into RNA molecules. The transcription cycle is divided into three key stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each driven by specific molecular mechanisms.Initiation of TranscriptionIn bacteria, transcription begins when the RNA polymerase core enzyme associates with a sigma factor to form a holoenzyme. For example, the E. coli sigma factor called σ70 forms a holoenzyme, which recognizes the -10 (Pribnow...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

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Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization01:28

Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

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Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
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Transcription Regulation in Archaea.

Alexandra M Gehring1, Julie E Walker1, Thomas J Santangelo2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

Journal of Bacteriology
|May 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Archaea utilize diverse strategies to adapt to extreme environments, relying on sophisticated transcription regulation. Recent studies reveal novel regulatory mechanisms and the impact of archaeal chromatin on gene expression.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Archaea exhibit remarkable metabolic and physiological diversity, adapting to extreme environments.
  • Gene expression regulation is crucial for archaeal cells to match cellular needs.
  • Archaea use a single RNA polymerase for all transcription, with some regulatory mechanisms resembling those in bacteria and eukaryotes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding archaeal transcription regulatory mechanisms.
  • To highlight the influence of archaeal chromatin on transcription.
  • To provide insights into the complex control of gene expression in archaea.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo and in vitro investigations of archaeal species.
  • Analysis of regulatory strategies for archaeal transcription.
  • Studies on the role of archaeal chromatin structure.

Main Results:

  • Novel mechanisms of transcription regulation in archaea have been identified.
  • Insights into how archaeal chromatin influences transcription have been gained.
  • A deeper understanding of the control of archaeal RNA polymerase activity.

Conclusions:

  • Archaea possess sophisticated and diverse transcription regulatory mechanisms.
  • Archaeal chromatin plays a significant role in modulating gene expression.
  • Continued research is essential for fully elucidating archaeal transcription control.