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Related Experiment Video

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Optimal Distinctiveness Signals Membership Trust.

Geoffrey J Leonardelli1, Denise Lewin Loyd2

  • 1Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dept. of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Geoffrey.leonardelli@rotman.utoronto.ca.

Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
|May 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sufficiently small minority groups foster greater membership trust due to optimal distinctiveness. This effect, driven by relative size, enhances trust and group preference when minorities are around 20%.

Keywords:
cooperationoptimal distinctivenessrelative group sizesocial comparisontrust

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Group Dynamics
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Optimal distinctiveness theory posits that groups offering a balance between inclusion and differentiation enhance belonging.
  • Minority group status can influence perceptions of distinctiveness and subsequent trust.
  • The relative size of a group may play a crucial role in perceived distinctiveness and membership trust.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if "sufficiently small" minority groups (e.g., 20%) elicit greater membership trust than larger minorities (e.g., 45%).
  • To determine if this enhanced trust is mediated by perceptions of optimal distinctiveness.
  • To explore the motivational and cognitive processes underlying these effects.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving observer perceptions of minority and majority groups.
  • Minimal group paradigms were employed, with Experiment 2 utilizing a trust game.
  • Relative group size was manipulated to test the "sufficiently small" minority hypothesis.

Main Results:

  • Minority groups consistently generated greater membership trust than majority groups.
  • This effect was significant only when minority groups constituted approximately 20% of the population, not 45%.
  • Participants in Experiment 2 showed a preference for joining smaller minorities over larger majorities, mediated by optimal distinctiveness.

Conclusions:

  • The relative size of a minority group is critical for fostering membership trust.
  • Optimal distinctiveness perceptions mediate the relationship between minority size and trust.
  • Findings support optimal distinctiveness theory, highlighting the importance of relative group size in social psychology.