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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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Tumor-intrinsic oncogene pathways mediating immune avoidance.

Stefani Spranger1, Thomas F Gajewski2

  • 1Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago , USA.

Oncoimmunology
|May 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunotherapy shows promise for cancer treatment, but response rates vary. Understanding how tumors avoid T cells is key to improving treatment effectiveness for more patients.

Keywords:
Cancer immunotherapyT cell infiltrationT cell-inflamed tumorcheckpoint blockadenon-T cell inflamed tumortumor immune evasion

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T cell therapy, is a significant advancement in cancer treatment.
  • Clinical responses to immunotherapy are often limited to a subset of patients.
  • A pre-existing T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment correlates with better immunotherapy outcomes.

Approach:

  • Investigating the molecular mechanisms by which tumors evade immune detection and infiltration.
  • Exploring the role of tumor-intrinsic signaling pathways, such as β-catenin activation, in mediating T cell exclusion.
  • Examining other oncogene pathways involved in immune suppression.

Key Points:

  • Tumor-intrinsic β-catenin activation actively excludes T cells from the tumor microenvironment.
  • Understanding immune evasion mechanisms is critical for predicting immunotherapy response.
  • Identifying novel therapeutic targets can enhance the efficacy of current immunotherapies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting molecular pathways that promote immune exclusion offers a strategy to improve immunotherapy response rates.
  • Further research into tumor-immune interactions is essential for developing more effective cancer treatments.
  • Expanding immunotherapy efficacy relies on overcoming tumor-mediated immune suppression.