Prenatal programming of neuroendocrine reproductive function.

Area of Science:

• Reproductive neuroendocrinology
• Developmental programming
• Epigenetics

Background:

• Gestational environment influences long-term health and reproductive capacity.
• Prenatal programming affects neuroendocrine systems regulating reproduction.
• Ovine models provide insights into reproductive development.

Purpose of the Study:

• Review prenatal programming of reproductive neuroendocrine systems.
• Examine effects of prenatal exposures on reproductive function.
• Highlight plasticity and sensitivity of the GnRH system during fetal life.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on ovine models.
• Analysis of steroid hormone, nutrition, stress, and chemical exposures.
• Examination of neuroendocrine system development and plasticity.

Main Results:

• Prenatal environment critically shapes reproductive neuroendocrine systems.
• Exogenous steroids, maternal factors, and chemicals alter reproductive development.
• The GnRH neurosecretory system exhibits plasticity, especially during fetal development.

Conclusions:

• Prenatal programming can optimize or impair reproductive function.
• Kisspeptin and other afferent systems are crucial in programming reproductive function.
• Prenatal programming may induce epigenetic changes, leading to transgenerational effects.