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Related Concept Videos

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
Gallbladder01:17

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
The gallbladder's anatomy consists of three regions: the fundus, body, and neck. Extending from the neck, the cystic duct joins the common...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Other Disorders of Digestive System01:30

Other Disorders of Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular ICV and Intravenous IV Injection in Mice
05:55

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Rome IV. Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders.

P B Cotton1, G H Elta2, C R Carter3

  • 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.

Gastroenterology
|May 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) type III is now discarded, as sphincterotomy showed no benefit over sham treatment for post-cholecystectomy pain. Further studies are needed for gallbladder and biliary sphincter disorders.

Keywords:
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP)biliary paincholecystectomyidiopathic pancreatitispost-cholecystectomy painsphincter manometrysphincterotomy

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Hepatology
  • Surgical Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Motor disorders of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi are popular concepts for painful syndromes.
  • Common treatments like cholecystectomy and sphincterotomy yield inconsistent results.
  • Diagnostic tests such as gallbladder scintigraphy and manometry have controversial predictive value.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for gallbladder and biliary sphincter disorders.
  • To clarify indications for cholecystectomy in Functional Gallbladder Disorder (FGBD).
  • To assess the relevance of sphincter dysfunction in Functional Biliary Sphincter Disorder (FBSD) and idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical practice.
  • Analysis of a stringent study on sphincterotomy versus sham treatment for post-cholecystectomy pain.
  • Emphasis on the need for prospective studies.

Main Results:

  • Sphincterotomy is not superior to sham treatment for patients with post-cholecystectomy pain and minimal objective findings.
  • The concept of Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (SOD) type III is no longer supported.
  • Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is deemed inappropriate for this patient group.

Conclusions:

  • The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for gallbladder and biliary sphincter disorders require re-evaluation.
  • There is a critical need for prospective studies to guide clinical management.
  • Clarification of indications for cholecystectomy in FGBD and the role of sphincter dysfunction in FBSD is essential.