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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons00:58

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Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
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The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
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RDoC and shift of reference.

Luis Fs Castro-de-Araujo1, Neil Levy2, Richard Aa Kanaan3

  • 1PhD student, Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil laraujo@student.unimelb.edu.au.

Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
|May 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework offers a promising advancement for psychiatric nosology by grounding diagnostic constructs in biological and cognitive sciences, moving beyond symptom-based classifications.

Keywords:
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)classificationlatent attributesnosographynosology

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Philosophy of Science

Background:

  • Current psychiatric classification systems, while unifying, often rely on unstable syndromic constructs.
  • This reliance leads to arbitrary diagnostic inclusions and exclusions, lacking robust empirical grounding.
  • There is a need for a more scientifically rigorous framework for psychiatric disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.
  • To evaluate the RDoC framework's philosophical underpinnings and its potential to improve psychiatric classification.
  • To explore how RDoC advances beyond traditional symptom-based diagnostic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical analysis of the RDoC framework's conceptual structure.
  • Comparative evaluation of RDoC against existing psychiatric diagnostic manuals (e.g., DSM, ICD).
  • Examination of RDoC's proposed integration of biological and cognitive levels of analysis.

Main Results:

  • The RDoC framework represents a significant improvement over current classification systems.
  • RDoC enhances diagnostic stability by re-referencing constructs to measurable properties like biomarkers.
  • The framework accommodates theoretical diversity and integrates psychiatry within the broader cognitive sciences.

Conclusions:

  • The RDoC framework offers a more scientifically robust approach to psychiatric classification.
  • By incorporating biomarkers and multiple theoretical levels, RDoC addresses limitations of symptom-based diagnoses.
  • Treating psychiatry as a cognitive science special case provides a unified theoretical foundation.