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Dietary patterns in India: a systematic review.

Rosemary Green1, James Milner2, Edward J M Joy1

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The British Journal of Nutrition
|May 6, 2016
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Summary

Dietary pattern analysis in India reveals diverse diets, with vegetarian patterns common. High-fat and high-sugar diets are linked to increased risk of obesity and diabetes, highlighting the need for better research methods.

Keywords:
Dietary pattern analysesDietsIndiaPCA principal component analysisSystematic reviews

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Epidemiology
  • Public Health Nutrition
  • Chronic Disease Research

Background:

  • Dietary pattern analysis offers a comprehensive view of food consumption, crucial for understanding diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
  • India faces a significant burden of NCDs like diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet research on dietary patterns and NCDs is limited in this population.
  • Existing studies often focus on individual foods or nutrients, potentially missing the complex interplay of dietary habits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing literature on dietary patterns and their association with diet-related NCDs in India.
  • To identify distinct dietary patterns prevalent in India and assess regional and temporal variations.
  • To evaluate the methodological quality and data limitations of current studies in the Indian context.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of published and grey literature.
  • Inclusion of studies exploring dietary patterns and their relationship with NCDs in India.
  • Analysis of identified dietary patterns, including their composition, regional distribution, and associations with health outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Eight studies identified, detailing eleven dietary pattern models.
  • Predominantly vegetarian dietary patterns featuring fruits, vegetables, pulses, and cereals were common; high-fat, high-sugar, and meat-rich patterns also existed.
  • High-fat diets correlated with higher Body Mass Index (BMI); diets high in sweets/snacks showed increased diabetes risk compared to traditional rice/pulse diets. Regional variations were noted, but no significant differences by sex or age.
  • Evidence suggests some dietary changes over time, but relationships with other NCD risk factors were unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary pattern analysis is valuable for understanding national dietary variations and diet-disease links in India.
  • Current studies in India suffer from significant data and methodological limitations, hindering robust conclusions.
  • Further high-quality research is needed to accurately assess dietary patterns and their impact on NCDs in India.