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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

A Cross-Disciplinary and Multi-Modal Experimental Design for Studying Near-Real-Time Authentic Examination Experiences
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Cognitive, Behavioral and Emotional Empathy in Pharmacy Students: Targeting Programs for Curriculum Modification.

Cassandra A Tamayo1, Mireille N Rizkalla2, Kyle K Henderson3

  • 1Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove IL, USA.

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|May 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacy students exhibit empathy levels comparable to previous studies, with emotional empathy being more prominent. Interventions focusing on volunteerism and patient responsiveness may enhance empathy by reducing self-serving behaviors and medical authoritarianism.

Keywords:
Jefferson scale of medical student empathybehavioral empathycognitive empathyeducationemotional empathyempathyinterdisciplinarypharmacy

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Social Sciences

Background:

  • Empathy is a crucial competency for pharmacists, with potential for development in academic settings.
  • Existing research on empathy in pharmacy students lacks differentiation across behavioral, cognitive, and emotional components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the distinct components of empathy in pharmacy students.
  • To correlate empathy levels with psychosocial attributes.
  • To inform curriculum adjustments aimed at improving pharmacy student empathy.

Main Methods:

  • An anonymous online survey was administered to pharmacy students at Midwestern University.
  • The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (Medical Student version) was used, with questions divided into behavioral, cognitive, and emotional domains.
  • Demographic and personality trait data were collected, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05.

Main Results:

  • A total of 304 pharmacy students participated (37% response rate).
  • Overall empathy scores averaged 110.4 ± 0.8; females scored higher than males across all empathy subcomponents.
  • Emotional empathy was significantly higher than cognitive and behavioral empathy; negative correlations were found with self-serving behavior, medical authoritarianism, and coercion.

Conclusions:

  • Empathy levels in pharmacy students align with previous findings, with females demonstrating higher scores.
  • Emotional empathy appears to be a more significant factor than cognitive or behavioral empathy in this cohort.
  • Curricular enhancements promoting volunteerism and patient-centered activities could mitigate negative psychosocial factors and bolster empathy.