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Related Concept Videos

Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Compact Bone01:27

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Limited Trabecular Bone Density Heterogeneity in the Human Skeleton.

Habiba Chirchir1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Science Building, Huntington, WV 25755, USA; Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA.

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Trabecular bone density varies significantly across the human skeleton, with the proximal ulna and axis vertebra being denser. Bone density measurements in one area do not accurately reflect other skeletal regions.

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Area of Science:

  • Human anatomy
  • Bone densitometry
  • Skeletal biology

Background:

  • Trabecular bone density and volume exhibit variation within the skeleton, influenced by mechanical loading.
  • Previous research on bone density has been limited to a few easily measurable skeletal elements.
  • Understanding skeletal-wide bone density distribution in healthy adults is crucial but not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively investigate the distribution of trabecular bone density across nine different skeletal sites in healthy human adults.
  • To identify specific skeletal regions with significantly different trabecular bone densities.
  • To explore the implications of observed density variations and homogeneity for genetic and regional factors.

Main Methods:

  • Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) was used to measure trabecular bone density.
  • Nine skeletal sites were analyzed: femur, proximal and distal tibia, third metatarsal, humerus, ulna, radius, third metacarpal, and axis.
  • Data were collected from a sample of 20 healthy individuals (11 males, 9 females).

Main Results:

  • The proximal ulna (mean = 231.3 mg/cm³) and axis vertebra (mean = 234.3 mg/cm³) showed significantly higher trabecular bone density compared to other analyzed sites (p < 0.01).
  • No significant variation in trabecular bone density was found among the remaining skeletal elements (p > 0.01).
  • No significant correlation was observed between bone density measurements of different anatomical regions (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • The proximal ulna and axis vertebra are distinct skeletal sites with higher trabecular bone density.
  • The homogeneity of bone density in most analyzed elements suggests potential site-specific genetic influences.
  • Skeletal site-specific measurements are necessary, as density in one region does not predict density in another.